ambiguous genitalia…

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genitals, ambiguous, a birth defect, outer genitals, not have the typical appearance of either sex, genetics, genetic sex of a child is determined at conception, mother's egg cell, ovum, contains an x chromosome, father's sperm cell contains either an x, a y chromosome, x, y chromosomes determine the child's genetic sex, an infant inherits one pair of sex chromosomes, one x, mother, one x, one y, father, the father who "determines" the genetic sex, the child, a baby who inherits the x chromosome, father, genetic female, two x chromosomes, a baby who inherits the y chromosome, father, genetic male, one x, one y chromosome, male, female reproductive organs, genitals both arise, same tissue, in the fetus, process that causes, fetal tissue to, become "male", "female" is disrupted, ambiguous genitalia, genitalia makes it difficult to classify the infant, male, female, extent, the ambiguity, in very rare instances, physical appearance fully developed, the opposite, the genetic sex, example, a genetic male, appearance of a normal female, ambiguous genitalia in genetic females, babies, two x chromosomes, has the following features, an enlarged clitoris that has the appearance of a small penis, urethral opening, where urine comes out, anywhere, below the surface, the clitoris, labia fused, resembling a scrotum, infant thought to be a male, undescended testicles, a lump of tissue is felt, the fused labia, further making it look, a scrotum, testicles, genetic male, one x, one y chromosome, ambiguous genitalia typically include the following features, a small penis, less than 2-3 centimeters, 0.8-1.2 inches, resemble an enlarged clitoris, clitoris of a newborn female, somewhat enlarged at birth, urethral opening anywhere, below the penis, on the peritoneum, further making the infant, female, a small scrotum, degree of separation, resembling labia, undescended testicles commonly accompany ambiguous genitalia, ambiguous genitalia, not life threatening, see causes, section, create social problems for the child, family, a team of experienced specialists, neonatologists, geneticists, endocrinologists, psychiatrists, social workers, involved, pseudohermaphroditism, genitalia, one sex, physical characteristics, the other sex, true hermaphrodism, a very rare condition in which both ovarian, testicular tissue is present, child, have parts of both male, female genitalia, mixed gonadal dysgenesis, mgd, an intersex condition, appears some male structures, gonad, testis, a uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, condition has several forms, the most common form causes, genetic female to appear male, many states test, potentially life-threatening condition during newborn screening exams, chromosomal abnormalities, klinefelter's syndrome, xxy, turner's syndrome, xo, maternal ingestion of certain medications, particularly androgenic steroids, make a genetic female look more male, lack of production of specific hormones, cause the embryo to, a female body type regardless of genetic sex, lack of testosterone cellular receptors, body makes the hormones needed to develop into a physical male, body is unable, those hormones, a female body-type, result genetic sex is male, the potential social, psychological effects of this condition, decision to raise the child, male, female, made early after diagnosis, preferably, the first few days, the infant's life, the appearance of child's external genitalia, baby takes more than 2 weeks to regain his/her birthweight, vomiting, looks dehydrated, dry inside of mouth, no tears, crying, less than 4 wet diapers per 24 hours, eyes look sunken in, has decreased appetite, has blue spells, has trouble breathing, all be signs of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, ambiguous genitalia discovered, first well-baby examination doctor, perform a physical examination, reveal a genital structure that is not "typical male", "typical female", but somewhere in between, family history questions to help identify inherited chromosomal disorders, any family history of miscarriage, any family history of stillbirth, any family history of early death, have any family members had infants who died, in the first few weeks of life, who had ambiguous genitalia, any family history of any, the disorders that cause ambiguous genitalia, the common causes, section, medications, what medications has the mother taken, pregnancy, steroids, abnormalities, diagnostic tests, genetic testing, determine child, genetic male, female, a small sample of cells, scraped from inside the cheeks, a buccal smear, examination of these cells, sufficient, the genetic sex, the infant, chromosomal analysis, extensive cell study that needed in more questionable cases, endoscopy, abdominal x-ray, abdominal, pelvic ultrasound, similar tests needed, the presence, absence of internal genital structures, undescended testes, laboratory tests, help determine the functioning of reproductive structures, tests, 17-ketosteroids, laparoscopy, exploratory laparotomy, biopsy, the gonads necessary to confirm disorders associated, ambiguous genitalia, depending on the cause, surgery, hormone replacement, treatments, treat conditions associated, ambiguous genitalia, ambiguity is such that a choice must be made whether to raise the child, male, female, regardless, the child's chromosomes, choice, have tremendous social, psychological impact on the child, counseling, technically easier to treat, raise, child, female, easier, surgeon to make female genitalia than it, make male genitalia, cases this is recommended child is genetically male, difficult decision, discussed, family, surgeon involved, bidarkar ss, hutson jm, evaluation, management, the abnormal gonad, semin pediatr surg 2005, 14(2), 118-23.