androgen insensitivity syndrome…

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male reproductive anatomy, testicular feminization, androgen insensitivity syndrome, ais, a person has one x, one y sex chromosome, making them genetically male, resistant to androgens, male hormones, individual has some, the physical characteristics of a woman, despite having the genetic makeup of a man, syndrome is divided into two main categories, complete, incomplete, complete ais results in someone who looks outwardly female, incomplete ais syndrome, degree of sexual ambiguity, widely from individual to individual, syndrome, various genetic mutations on the x chromosome, mutations make a developing male baby unable, androgens, androgens, male physical characteristics, androgen insensitivity is complete, prevents the development, the penis, male body parts, child is born appearing to be a girl, complete form, the syndrome occurs in, 1 in 20,000 live births, different degrees of androgen resistance, wide variety of outward symptoms, incomplete ais, other disorders, reifenstein's syndrome, gilbert-dreyfus syndrome, lubs syndrome, is associated, hypospadias, opening, the urethra is on the underside, tip, the penis, gynecomastia, breast development in men, cryptorchidism, testes fail to descend, scrotum after birth, included, in the broad category of incomplete ais is infertile male syndrome, is sometimes, due to an androgen receptor disorder, in its classic form, complete androgen resistance, person appears to be female but has no uterus, has sparse armpit, pubic hair, at puberty, female secondary sex characteristics, breasts, menstruation, fertility, complete ais is rarely discovered, childhood, a mass is felt, in the abdomen, groin that turns out to be a testicle, it is explored surgically, not diagnosed, they fail to menstruate, try to, become pregnant, find that they, infertile, incomplete ais, childhood, have both male, female physical characteristics, many have partial fusion, the outer vaginal lips, an enlarged clitoris, a short, blind-ending vagina, individual, diagnosed, ambiguous genitalia, though, person has primarily male characteristics, symptom, low sperm count, an adult, perhaps, breast enlargement, signs, vagina present but no cervix, uterus, normal female breast development, testes, in the inguinal canal, labia, abdomen, inguinal hernia, palpable gonad, testosterone levels, in the male range, xy karyotyping, one x, one y sex chromosome indicates male gender, luteinizing hormone, lh, levels, follicle-stimulating hormone, fsh, levels, sonogram, an absent uterus, intra-abdominal testes, androgen receptor studies, research setting, confirm the syndrome, tests, distinguish androgen resistance from androgen deficiency, 5-alpha reductase deficiency, increased basal, hcg-induced testosterone, normal dihydrotestosterone, complete ais, testicular tissue is found, in the abdomen, inguinal canal, childhood, might not be removed at that time, once puberty, growth, complete, testis removed, it, develop cancer, undescended testicle, gonadoblastomas, cancers that occur exclusively in xy gonads of people, abnormalities of sexual differentiation, estrogen replacement after puberty, support of gender identity, incomplete ais, gender assignment, a very complex issue, must be individualized, great care, infertility is expected, complete ais is good, at-risk testicular tissue is removed, proper time, incomplete ais, greatly depending on the presence, degree of ambiguous genitalia, complications include testicular cancer, infertility, complex psychosocial issues, symptoms suggestive, the syndrome.