bladder cancer…

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cystoscopy, female urinary tract, male urinary tract, transitional cell carcinoma, the bladder, bladder cancer, malignant tumor growth, the bladder, bladder cancers, arise, transitional cells, the bladder, cells lining the bladder, tumors classified, growth pattern, either papillary tumors, meaning they have a wart-like lesion attached to a stalk, nonpapillary tumors, nonpapillary tumors, less common, more invasive, poorer prognosis, most other cancers, exact cause is uncertain, contribute, development of bladder cancer, cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing bladder cancer by a factor of nearly five, compared to non-smokers, 50% of all bladder cancer in men, 30% in women attributable to cigarette smoke, risk does show a gradual decline in people who quit smoking, one in four cases of bladder cancer, attributed to workplace exposure to carcinogens, arylamines, a group of chemicals most responsible, dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, pesticide applicators, highest risk, arylamines have been reduced, eliminated in many workplaces, association between artificial sweeteners, bladder cancer has been studied, weak, non-existent, women who received radiation therapy, the treatment of cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing transitional cell bladder cancer, some people who received the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide, cytoxan, a chronic, long term, bladder infection, irritation, lead, development of squamous cell bladder cancer, cancer is very slow growing, bladder infections, not increase the risk of transitional cell cancers, in third world countries, infection, a parasite, schistosomiasis, has been linked, development of bladder cancer, bladder cancers, staged, aggressiveness, degree that they, different, surrounding bladder tissue, several different ways to stage tumors, tnm staging system has, become common, staging system contains several substages, basically categorizes tumors using the following scale, stage 0, carcinoma in-situ, non-invasive lesions limited, bladder mucosa, lining, stage i, tumor extends, the mucosa, does not extend, muscle layer, stage ii, tumor invades, muscle layer, stage iii, tumor invades past the muscle layer into tissue surrounding the bladder, stage iv, cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes, to distant sites, metastatic, bladder cancer spreads by extending, nearby organs, the prostate, uterus, vagina, ureters, rectum, spread, pelvic lymph nodes, to other parts, liver, lungs, bones, the symptoms listed below, associated, bladder cancer, non-cancerous conditions, medical evaluation is critical, blood, in the urine, urinary frequency, painful urination, urinary urgency, additional symptoms that associated, urinary incontinence, bone pain, tenderness, abdominal pain, anemia, weight loss, lethargy, tiredness, a physical examination, a rectal, pelvic exam, diagnostic tests, urinalysis, urine cytology, microscopic exam of urine to look, cancerous cells, cystoscopy, use of lighted instrument to view inside of bladder, bladder biopsy, performed, cystoscopy, intravenous pyelogram, ivp, to evaluate upper urinary tract, tumors, blockage, choice of an appropriate treatment, the stage, the tumor, severity, presence of other medical conditions, generally, stage 0, i tumors, treated by removing thetumor, removing the rest, the bladder, treated by administering chemotherapy, bladder, immunotherapy, the risk, the cancer returning is so high, bladder cancer, require constant follow-up, the rest of lives, stage ii bladder tumors treated by removing the tumor, bcg immunotherapy, stage ii, stage iii tumors, require bladder removal, patients, stage iii tumors who choose not to have surgery, who cannot tolerate surgery, of chemotherapy, radiation used, most patients, stage iv tumors cannot be cured, surgery is not indicated, in these patients, chemotherapy, chemotherapy, chemotherapy, bladder cancer, administered, a vein, bladder, given by vein to treat patients, stage iv bladder cancer, chemotherapy also given to patients, stage iii cancer after surgery in an attempt, prevent the tumor from returning, adjuvant chemotherapy, chemotherapy given, a single drug, in different combinations of drugs, methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, carboplatin, cisplatin, ifosfamide, gemcitabine, combination, of two of these drugs, gemcitabine, cisplatin, has been shown to be, less side effects, an older regimen known, mvac, methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, cisplatin, in many centers has replaced mvac, combination, of paclitaxel, carboplatin has also been effective, frequently used, a foley catheter, instill the medication, bladder in patients, stage i, catheter is removed immediately, medication has been instilled, instructed to try, hold the medication in bladder, at least two hours after treatment, additionally, rotate from side to side every 15-30 minutes to completely expose the entire bladder wall, several different types of medications used, chemotherapy, bladder, thiotepa, mitomycin-c, doxorubicin, adriamycin, common side effects include bladder wall irritation, pain, urinating, choice of a specific drug, the stage, the tumor, immunotherapy, bladder cancers, treated by immunotherapy, a medication causes, own immune system to attack, kill the tumor cells, immunotherapy, performed, using bacille calmette-guerin, commonly known, bcg, solution of genetically altered tubercular bacteria that is not able to produce infection, medication is administered, a foley catheter to instill the medication, bladder, bcg, biological agent, special precautions must be taken, potential side effects include bladder irritability, urinary frequency, urinary urgency, painful urination, reported by 90%, the people treated, bcg, resolve, a few days after treatment, rare side effects include blood, in the urine, malaise, nausea, chills, joint pain, itching, a systemic tubercular, tb, infection, requiring treatment, anti-tuberculosis medication, systemic infection is suspected, develop an elevated temperature that lasts, more than one day, transurethral resection, the bladder, turb, stage 0, i bladder cancer, transurethral resection, the bladder, turb, surgical procedure is performed under general, spinal anesthesia, a cutting instrument is then inserted, the urethra to remove the bladder tumor, bladder removal, stage ii, iii bladder cancer, opt, bladder removal, radical cystectomy, partial bladder removal performed, only a single lesion, no signs of metastasis, 10%, the people, bladder cancer meet this criterion, radical cystectomy in men, involves removal, the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, in women, urethra, uterus, front vaginal wall, removed, the bladder, pelvic lymph nodes, removed, surgery, pathological examination, half, the people treated, radical cystectomy, completely cured, half shows signs of metastasis, the surgery, a urinary diversion surgery, a surgical procedure to create an alternate method, urine storage, performed, the radical cystectomy procedure, two common types of urinary diversion, an ileal conduit, a continent urinary reservoir, ileal conduit, an ileal condua small urine reservoir that is surgically created, a small segment of bowel, ureters that drain urine, kidneys, attached to one end, the bowel segment, end is brought out, an opening, in the skin to create a stoma, stoma allows the patient to drain the collected urine out, the reservoir, had an ileal conduit, wear an external urine collection appliance at all times, complications associated, ileal conduit surgery, bowel obstruction, blood clots, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, skin breakdown around the stoma, opening, in the skin connecting, ileal conduit, long-term damage, upper urinary tract, continent urinary reservoir, a continent urinary reservoir is another method of creating a urinary diversion, in this method, a segment of colon is removed, create an internal pouch to store urine, segment of bowel is specially prepared, prevent reflux of urine back up, ureters, kidneys, to reduce the risk of involuntary loss of urine, patients, able to insert a catheter periodically to drain the urine, a small stoma, flush, skin, complications, bowel obstruction, blood clots, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, skin breakdown around the stoma, ureteral reflux, ureteral obstruction, orthotopic neobladder, surgery is becoming more common in patients undergoing cystectomy, a segment of bowel is folded over to make a pouch, a neobladder, "new bladder", attached, urethral stump, beginning of, urine, empties, bladder, procedure allows patients to maintain some degree of normal urinary control, complications, urination, not the same, surgery, associated, leakage of urine at night, intermittently perform manual catheterization, complications, the continent urinary reservoir, patients, not be good candidates, patient should discuss the pros, cons of this procedure, urologist, current research, clinical tests, currently underway to evaluate the use of photodynamic therapy in bladder cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy involves using photosensitizing agents, laser light to detect, kill cancer cells, studies, looking at new chemotherapy agents that more effective, monitoring, closely monitored, progression, the disease regardless, the type of bladder cancer treatment received, monitoring, cystoscope evaluations every 3 to 6 months after initial treatment, stage i disease, periodic urine cytology evaluations, people whose bladders, removed, bone scan, ct scan to evaluate, metastasis, complete blood count, cbc, to monitor, signs, symptoms of anemia, would indicate the disease has progressed, monitor, signs of disease progression, fatigue, weight loss, increased pain, decreased bowel, bladder function, weakness, outlook is related, specific stage of bladder cancer, type of treatment chosen, prognosis, stage 0, i cancers is fairly good, the risk, the cancer returning is high, most of these recurrences, surgically removed, cured, patients, stage iii tumors cure rates, less than 50%, patients, stage iv, rarely cured, patients, a few metastatic lesions, cured, circumstances, bladder cancers, spread, nearby organs, travel, the pelvic lymph nodes, metastasize, liver, lungs, bones, additional complications of bladder cancer include anemia, hydronephrosis, swelling, the ureters causing kidney injury, urinary incontinence, urethral stricture, have blood in urine, symptoms of bladder cancer, urinary urgency, urinary frequency, painful urination, an appointment to be examined, over 40 years of age, a smoker, work in an area of high industrial exposure to potential carcinogens, quitting cigarette smoking, eliminating environmental hazards, reduce risk of developing bladder cancer.