congenital heart defect corrective surgery…

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heart, section, the middle, cardiac catheterization, heart, ultrasound, normal fetus, heartbeat, ultrasound, normal fetus, heartbeat, patent ductus arteriosis, pda, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, hypoplastic left heart repair, tetralogy of fallot repair, coarctation, the aorta repair, heart surgery, children, atrial septal defect repair, ventricular septal defect repair, truncus arteriosus repair, total anomalous pulmonary artery correction, transposition of great vessels repair, tricuspid atresia repair, vsd repair, asd repair, pda ligation, surgery, treat birth defects, the heart, congenital heart disease, required defects threaten the child's well-, heart defects come in all types, from minor to major, defects, occur inside the heart, large blood vessels outside the heart, heart defect, need immediate surgery, able to safely wait, timing, the surgery, depend on how sick the baby, heart defect repaired, single surgical procedure, require a series, surgery, involve opening the heart, repair defects, repairing defects, the blood vessels, an incision made, the breastbone, sternum, between the lungs, mediastinum, child is under general anesthesia, heart defect repairs, incision is made on the side, the chest, between the ribs, thoracotomy, instead of, the breastbone, sternotomy, necessary, use tubes to re-route the blood, a special pump, heart-lung bypass machine, adds oxygen, blood, keeps it warm, moving, the rest, the body the repair, machine does the work, the heart, lungs, operation, heart surgery, children, a specialized team of health care providers, pediatric heart, cardiovascular, surgeons, pediatric anesthesiologists, pediatric heart-lung, cardiopulmonary, bypass pump technologists, pediatric surgical nurses, technicians, pediatric intensive care physicians, nurses, heart surgery, intensive, extensive monitoring, coordination by the entire team, heart surgery, children, take, 12 hours, in the operating room, after heart surgery, child, moved, intensive care unit, icu, to be constantly, closely monitored, several days, time the child, have the following, a tube, in the airway, endotracheal tube, a respirator to help, breathing, child, kept sleeping, sedated, on the respirator, small tubes, vein, iv line, to give fluids, medications, a small tube in an artery, arterial line, to measure the blood pressure, two chest tubes to drain air, blood, fluid, chest cavity, a tube, the nose, stomach, nasogastric tube, to empty the stomach, give medications, feedings, several days, a tube, in the bladder to drain, measure the urine, several days, child, have pacemaker wires, in the chest in case a pacemaker is needed to regulate heartbeat, rhythm, specific heart defect surgeries, patent ductus arteriosus, pda, ligation, birth, natural opening between the aorta, main artery, pulmonary artery, main artery, lungs, the ductus arteriosus, opening, closes shortly after birth, pda occurs, this opening fails to close, pda occurs in, 10% of infants, pda, treated initially, a medication, indomethacin, ductus fails to close on its own, indomethacin, surgery is performed, a small incision is made on the left side, the chest, ductus is either ligated, tied off, coarctation, the aorta repair, coarctation, the aorta occurs, a segment, the aorta has a very narrow spot, in an hourglass, repair this defect, an incision is made on the left side, the chest, a few different techniques used in this repair, one approach, remove the narrowed segment, the aorta, stitch the remaining ends together, done in older children due, the aorta, repair in infants, achieved by using a subclavian flap, an incision is made, in the narrowed portion, the aorta, a patch is made, the left subclavian artery, artery, arm, to enlarge the diameter, the aorta, atrial septal defect, asd, repair, atrial septum, wall between the left, right atria, upper chambers, the heart, natural opening, prior to birth that, closes spontaneously, defect fails to close, a child is left, an asd, asds, possibly be closed, in the heart catheterization lab, two small umbrella-shaped "clamshell" devices placed on both the right, left side, the septum, two devices, attached together, closing the hole, in the heart, procedure is still, in the experimental phase, performed only in select centers, surgical repair, well-accepted treatment, asd, septum is closed using sutures, covered, a patch made of membrane, synthetic material, ventricular septal defect, vsd, repair, ventricular septum, wall between the left, right ventricles, lower chambers, the heart, a hole, in the ventricular septum, a vsd, small defects, close on own, 90% by age 8, require surgery, larger defects, causing heart failure, require surgical repair, a synthetic patch, tetralogy of fallot repair, tetralogy of fallot, complex congenital heart defect, a range of severity that, surgical correction, between 6 months, 2 years of age, types of repairs vary related, specific defects, ventricular septal defect is closed, pulmonary valve is opened, thickened muscle, stenosis, removed, a patch placed on the right ventricle to improve circulation, lungs, transposition, the great vessels repair, aorta, comes, left side, the heart, pulmonary artery, comes, right side, transposition, the great vessels occurs, arteries come, opposite sides, the heart from where they should, transposition, the great vessels, surgical correction, surgery is performed shortly after birth, most common repair, arterial switch, aorta, pulmonary artery, divided, pulmonary artery is connected, right ventricle, where it belongs, aorta is connected, left ventricle, where it belongs, truncus arteriosus repair, truncus arteriosus, rare condition that occurs, the aorta, pulmonary aretery arise, one common trunk, very complex defect, a complex surgical repair, baby is very sick, repair, in the first few months of life, baby is not so sick, surgeons wait to operate, baby is between 9, 15 months of age, pulmonary arteries, separated, aortic trunk, defects, patched, always an associated vsd, is patched, a conduit is then placed between the right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, tricuspid atresia repair, tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve, valve between the upper, lower chambers on the right side, the heart, severely narrowed, condition severely restricts blood flow, right side, the heart, lungs, defects, exist, tricuspid atresia, aid, in the oxygenation of blood, flow, lungs, a medication, prostaglandin e given to maintain a patent ductus arteriosus, an alternate channel, lungs, corrective surgery, a series, shunts, surgeries necessary, this defect, goal of this surgery, join the right atrium, occasionally the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, tapvr, correction, tapvr, the pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood, lungs back, right side, the heart, left side, the heart, where it, condition, surgical correction, timing of which depends on how sick the baby, surgery done, in the newborn period infant has severe symptoms, not done, in the first six months of life, tapvr repair, open-heart procedure, pulmonary veins, attached, left atrium, where they belong, abnormal connections, a pda is present, tied off, hypoplastic left heart repair, very severe heart defect that results, a severely underdeveloped heart, death in most affected babies, a few cardiac centers have reported any success in treating this defect, slowly getting better, surgical advances, parents must decide how aggressively they want the medical team to treat child, knowing the chances of a good outcome, best reported results, a series, 3 heart operations, first operation, in the first week of life, a complicated surgery, a single vessel is formed, pulmonary artery, aorta to create a blood supply, lungs, 4-6 months of age, second operation is performed, a third operation is required a year later, a heart transplant performed to treat this condition, donor hearts, infants, rare, performed at a small number of centers, type, timing of surgical repair depends on the child's condition, type, severity of heart defects, symptoms that indicate that surgery is needed, blue, gray skin, lips, nail beds, cyanosis, meaning there is not enough oxygen, in the blood, hypoxia, difficulty breathing, the lungs, "wet", congested, fluid-filled, congestive heart failure, heart rate, rhythm, arrhythmias, excessive workload on heart that interferes, breathing, feeding, sleeping, risks, anesthesia, reactions to medications, problems breathing, surgery, bleeding, infection, additional risks of heart surgery, blood clots, thrombi, air bubbles, air emboli, pneumonia, heartbeat problems, arrhythmias, outcome of heart surgery depends on the child's condition, type of defect, type of surgery, many children recover completely, lead normal, active lives, most children need to stay, in the intensive care unit, icu, 3 to 7 days, stay, in the hospital, 5 to 14 days, by the time the child is transferred out, the icu, the tubes, wires have been removed, child is encouraged to resume many of his daily activities, time of discharge, parents, instructed on activity, how to care, the incision, to give medications child, child needs at least several more weeks at home to recover.