down syndrome…

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trisomy 21, down syndrome, chromosome abnormality, due to an extra copy, the 21st chromosome, syndrome, not always, results in mental retardation, down syndrome, an extra chromosome 21, the most common single cause of human birth defects, an occurrence in 1 out of every 660 births, children, down syndrome have a widely recognized characteristic appearance, head smaller than normal, microcephaly, abnormally shaped, prominent facial features, flattened nose, protruding tongue, upward slanting eyes, inner corner, the eyes, rounded fold of skin, epicanthal fold, rather than coming to a point, hands, short, broad, short fingers, single crease, in the palm, simian crease, retardation of normal growth, development is typical, most affected children never reach average adult height, congenital heart defects, frequently present in down syndrome children, early mortality, a result of cardiac abnormalities, gastrointestinal abnormalities esophageal atresia, obstruction, the esophagus, duodenal atresia, obstruction, the duodenum, relatively common, obstruction, the gastrointestinal tract, require major surgery shortly after birth, children, down syndrome, a higher-than-average incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia, decreased muscle tone at birth, separated sutures, joints between the bones, the skull, asymmetrical, odd-shaped skull, round head, flat area, the head, occiput, small skull, microcephaly, upward slanting eyes, unusual, ethnic group, small mouth, protruding tongue, tongue problems, broad short hands, single crease on the palm, retarded growth, development, delayed mental, social skills, mental retardation, iris lesion, an abnormality, the colored part, the eye, brushfield spots, a heart murmur revealed by listening, chest, a stethoscope, characteristic abnormalities, revealed by a physical examination, flattened facial profile, small ears, separation, the abdominal muscles, joint hyperflexibility, awkward gait, extra skin on back of neck at birth, an abnormal bone, in the middle, the 5th finger, massive vomiting, indicate obstruction, the esophagus, duodenum, less often lower segments, the gastrointestinal tract, discovered by inability at birth to pass a tube, nose, stomach, duodenum, by special x-rays, chromosome studies, 3 copies of 21st chromosome in 94% of cases, chest x-ray, presence of cardiac abnormalities, echocardiogram, nature of cardiac abnormality, ecg, gastrointestinal x-ray, to show obstruction, suggestive, no specific treatment, down syndrome, special education, training is offered in most communities, mentally handicapped children, specific heart defects, require surgical correction, potential, visual problems, hearing loss, increased susceptibility to infection, require screening, treatment at appropriate intervals, national down syndrome congress, ndsccenter, normal life span is shortened in down syndrome by congenital heart disease, by increased incidence of acute leukemia, mental retardation is variable, moderate, adults live independently, accomplished individuals, vision problems, hearing loss, cardiac abnormalities, increased incidence of acute leukemia, frequent ear infections, increased susceptibility to infection in general, gastrointestinal obstruction, imperforate anus, similar problems, esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, blocked airways, sleep, one third of patients, increased incidence of dementia in older patients, instability, the back bones, top, the neck, compression injury, the spinal cord, risk that uninformed people, assume a down syndrome child is more retarded than, case, a geneticist, consulted to help determine the diagnosis, interpret rare chromosomal translocation cases of down syndrome, consulted to evaluate the child, the need, special education, training, follow-up of physical problems, genetic counseling is recommended in all families, down syndrome, down syndrome, detected, fetus, in the first few months of pregnancy by examination, the chromosomes obtained by amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, parents of a child, down syndrome, at increased risk, having another child, down syndrome, mothers who, become pregnant after age 40, at increased risk, having a child, down syndrome.