gallstones…

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digestive system, cholecystolithiasis, gallstones, cholangiogram, kidney cyst, gallstones, ct scan, cholelithiasis, gallbladder, gallbladder, gallbladder removal, cholelithiasis, gallstones, formed, the gallbladder, an organ that stores bile excreted, liver, bile, solution of water, salts, lecithin, cholesterol, concentration of these components changes, solidify to form gallstones, gallstones, a grain of sand, become, large, an inch in diameter, depending on how much time has passed from the beginning of formation, gallstones often have no symptoms, discovered incidentally by a routine x-ray, surgery, autopsy, gallstones, a common health problem worldwide, more common in women, native americans, people over the age of 40, risk factors include ethnic, hereditary factors, obesity, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, long-term intravenous nutrition, total parenteral nutrition, certain operations, peptic ulcers, start after a stone of sufficient size, larger than 8mm, blocks the cystic duct, common bile duct, cystic duct drains the gallbladder, common bile duct, main duct draining, duodenum, collectively, ducts form part, the biliary system, a stone blocking the opening, gallbladder, cystic duct, produces symptoms of biliary colic, is right upper quadrant abdominal pain that feels, cramping, stone, does not pass, duodenum, continues to block the cystic duct, acute cholecystitis results, common bile duct is blocked, substantial period of time, bacteria, grow behind the stone, in the stagnant bile, producing symptoms of cholangitis, cholangitis, serious condition, hospitalization, continued blockage of normal bile flow, produce jaundice, stones blocking the lower end, the common bile duct where it enters the duodenum, obstruct secretion, pancreas, producing pancreatitis, serious, require hospitalization, pay attention, following symptoms, abdominal pain, in the right upper quadrant, middle, the upper abdomen, recurrent, sharp, cramping, dull, radiate, below the right shoulder blade, made worse by fatty, greasy foods, occurs, minutes of a meal, jaundice, fever, additional symptoms that associated, clay-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, gas, excessive flatus, abdominal indigestion, abdominal fullness, gaseous, numerous tests to detect, gallstones, gallbladder inflammation, abdominal ultrasound, abdominal ct scan, abdominal x-ray, oral cholecystogram, gall bladder radionuclide scan, ercp, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, tests, fecal fat quantitation, urine bilirubin, abdominal mri, modern advances in surgery have revolutionized the treatment of gallstones, surgery is used only, have symptoms, open cholecystectomy, gallbladder removal, was the usual procedure, uncomplicated cases, operation required a medium-to-large incision just below the right lower rib in order to get to the gallbladder, after this operation, a patient typically spent 3, 5 days, in the hospital recovering, a minimally-invasive technique, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was introduced, in the 1980s, uses small incisions, camera guidance to remove the gallbladder, currently, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, gold standard, treating gallstones that cause symptoms, the most common operations performed in hospitals today, using this approach, a patient, have the gallbladder removed, discharged, hospital on the same evening, next morning, gallstones blocking the common bile duct visualized, removed, laparoscopic procedure, surgical treatment method has a complication rate of less than 1%, has supplanted using medication to treat gallstones, a functioning gallbladder, bile salts taken by mouth, dissolve gallstones, process, take 2 years, longer, stones, therapy is ended, medical dissolution, using both high-dose, low-dose chenodeoxycholic acids, cdca, chenediol, was an approach investigated, in the early 1980s, was successful in only 14% of cases, required a long period of administration, a lifetime of maintenance therapy, urodeoxycholic acid, udca, ursodiol, successful in only 40% of cases, cdca, udca therapies, useful only, gallstones formed from cholesterol, chemical methods include contact dissolution, a catheter is passed, the abdominal wall, gallbladder, methyl tert-butyl ether, a volatile chemical, instilled, chemical rapidly dissolves cholesterol stones, potential toxicity, stone recurrence, complications limit its usefulness, lithotripsy, electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy, eswl, has also been, treat gallstones, in this method, electromagnetic high-energy shock waves break up the stones, approach was particularly popular, in the mid-to-late 1980s, studies found it to clear gallstones, 60% of patients, its application is limited, a large number of stones present, stones, very large, presence of acute cholecystitis, cholangitis, used in association, udca to improve its effect, gallstones develop in, causing symptoms, chance of symptoms, complications from gallstones, 20%, current surgical approaches, outlook is excellent, over 99% of patients have no recurrence of symptoms, cholecystitis, acute, cholecystitis, chonic, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, pancreatitis, have pain, in the right upper quadrant of abdomen, jaundice, symptoms of gallstones, no known way, prevent gallstones, have gallstone symptoms, eating a low-fat diet, losing weight, help control symptoms.