hypercalcemia…

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endocrine glands, hypercalcemia, excessive amount, calcium, in the blood, calcium, important element, the mineral component of bone, exists, a charged particle, an ion, in the blood, inside cells, calcium is important to many body functions, bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve, brain function, release of hormones, parathyroid hormone, pth, vitamin d regulate calcium balance, pth is produced by the parathyroid glands, four small glands located, in the neck behind the thyroid gland, vitamin d is obtained from exposure of skin to sunlight, from dietary sources fortified dairy products, egg yolks, fish, fortified cereals, primary hyperparathyroidism, most common cause of hypercalcemia, due to excess pth, drug lithium, used in treating bipolar disorder, increase pth release, hypercalcemia, a genetic mutation, body's ability to regulate calcium is seen in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, a benign, noncancerous, blood calcium, high despite low levels of pth, malignant tumors, lung cancers, breast cancer, produce pth-related peptide, pthrp, increases blood calcium, excess vitamin d, hypervitaminosis d, from diet, granulomatous diseases, cause hypercalcemia, kidney failure, adrenal gland failure, hyperthyroidism, prolonged immobilization, use of a class of diuretics, thiazides, ingestion of massive amounts of calcium, milk-alkali syndrome, potential causes, hypercalcemia affects from 0.1 to 1%, the population, widespread ability to measure blood calcium, the 1960s has improved detection, today most patients, hypercalcemia have no symptoms, women over the age of 50, most likely to be hypercalcemic, due to primary hyperparathyroidism, skeletal, bone pain, loss of height, bowing, the shoulders, spinal column curvature, pathological fractures, kidney, flank pain, frequent urination, frequent thirst, abdominal, pain, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, constipation, psychological, irritability, memory loss, apathy, depression, dementia, coma, muscular, weakness, muscle twitches, muscle atrophy, high serum total, ionized calcium, high serum pth level, hyperparathyroidism, high urine calcium, hyperparathyroidism, low urine calcium, fhh, high vitamin d level, hypervitaminosis d, granulomatous diseases, high serum pthrp, certain cancers, treatment is directed, underlying cause of hypercalcemia whenever possible, in cases of hyperparathyroidism, surgery needed to remove the abnormal parathyroid gland, cure the hypercalcemia, hypercalcemia is mild, primary hyperparathyroidism, patients followed closely by physician over time, severe hypercalcemia causing symptoms, requiring hospitalization is treated aggressively, intravenous fluids, bisphosphonates, drugs that stop bone resorption pamidronate, etidronate, calcitonin, glucocorticoids, steroids, hypervitaminosis d that is not medication related, hemodialysis, hypercalcemia that is unresponsive to treatment, life-threatening, prognosis depends on the underlying cause of hypercalcemia, patients, mild hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, a treatable cause, primary hyperparathyroidism, dietary hypervitaminosis d, not suffer complications from hypercalcemia, patients, hypercalcemia secondary to conditions cancer, granulomatous disease, poor prognosis due, underlying disease rather than, hypercalcemia, complications of prolonged hypercalcemia, uncommon today, skeletal, fractures , osteoporosis , bone cysts, kidney, nephrocalcinosis, calcification, the kidney, kidney stones , dehydration , kidney failure , gastrointestinal, pancreatitis , peptic ulcer disease, hypertension, contact physician, family history of hypercalcemia, family history of hyperparathyroidism, symptoms of hypercalcemia occur, most causes, hypercalcemia cannot be prevented, women over the age of 50 should see health care provider regularly, have blood calcium screened periodically, hypercalcemia from calcium, vitamin d supplements, avoided by contacting health care provider, advice, taking supplements, a prescription, taniegra ed, hyperparathyroidism, am fam physician, 69(2), 333-9, carroll mf, a practical approach to hypercalcemia, am fam physician, 67(9), 959-66, ariyan ce, assessment, patients, abnormal calcium, crit care med, 32(4 suppl, s146-54.