reflux nephropathy…

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female urinary tract, male urinary tract, voiding cystourethrogram, vesicoureteral reflux, chronic atrophic pyelonephritis, vesico-ureteric reflux, nephropathy, reflux, ureteral reflux, reflux nephropathy, the kidneys, damaged by backward flow of urine, kidney, urine flows, kidneys, the ureters, bladder, each ureter has a one-way valve where it enters the bladder, preventing urine from flowing back up the ureter, reflux nephropathy occurs, valves fail, allowing urine to flow back up, kidney, bladder is infected, urine contains bacteria, kidney is exposed, possibility of infection, pyelonephritis, the pressure, in the bladder, higher than, in the kidney, reflux of urine exposes the kidney to unusually high pressure, over time, increased pressure, damage the kidney, scarring, reflux, occur in people whose ureters, not extend very far, bladder, ureters enter the bladder, "tunnels", in the bladder wall, pressure, in the bladder, keeps these tunnels pressed closed, bladder-wall tunnels, short, absent, pressure, the bladder, force urine back up the ureter, reflux associated, the following, bladder infections, cystitis, bladder stones, bladder outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder, abnormal ureters, reflux nephropathy produces no symptoms, discovered, a child is evaulated, repeat, suspicious bladder infections, reflux is discovered, child's siblings, evaluated, reflux, run in families, degree of reflux, separated into five different grades, helps determine how the condition is treated, simple, uncomplicated reflux often falls into grade i, ii, reflux nephropathy, occur from temporary swelling that occurs after reimplantation, the ureters, a kidney transplant, trauma, ureter, 4 out of 1,000 people, no symptoms have reflux nephropathy, up to 50% of infants, children, urinary tract infections have it, reflux nephropathy, lead to chronic kidney failure, end-stage renal, kidney) disease, no symptoms, only one kidney is affected, symptoms those of a urinary tract infection nephrotic syndrome, chronic kindey failure, risk factors, personal, family history of reflux, congenital abnormalities, the urinary tract, recurrent urinary tract infections, repeated urinary tract infections, female, a single urinary tract infection, male, flank pain, back pain, abdominal pain, urinary frequency/urgency increased, need to urinate at night, burning, stinging, urination, feeling of incomplete emptying, the bladder, blood, in the urine, dark, foamy urine, additional symptoms that associated, urinary hesitancy, nausea, vomiting, nail abnormalities, fever, chills, not cause symptoms, blood pressure elevated, signs, symptoms of chronic renal failure, tests, kidney ultrasound, serum bun, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, urinalysis, 24-hour urine studies that show elevated urine protein levels, urine culture that shows infection, radionuclide cystogram, vesicoureteric reflux, hydronephrosis, distention, the kidney from fluid accumulation, in the renal pelvis, ivp that shows hydronephrosis, a small kidney, scarring, the kidney, abdominal ct scan, ultrasound, the kidneys, abdomen that shows hydronephrosis, reflux, a small kidney, scarring, a voiding cystourethrogram, vcug, definitively diagnoses vesicoureteric reflux, simple, uncomplicated reflux, primary reflux, less than grade iii treated by the following, careful watching, repeated urine cultures, antibiotics, prevent infection, annual ultrasound of kidneys to follow development, severe reflux, require surgery, ureteral reimplantation, reconstructive repair, most cases of reflux nephropathy resolve on own, kidney permanent, one kidney is involved, kidney, continue to function adequately, reflux nephropathy, 20%, the cases of renal failure in children, young adults, permanent damage to one, kidneys, chronic renal failure, kidneys, involved, progress to end-stage renal disease, chronic, recurrent urinary tract infection, nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, pyelonephritis, renal scarring, persistent reflux, obstruction, the ureter following surgery, symptoms indicate reflux nephropathy present, decreased urine output, new symptoms develop, surgical reimplantation, the ureters, bladder performed to stop reflux nephropathy, diminishes the frequency, severity of urinary tract infections, prompt treatment of conditions that cause reflux of urine, kidney, prevent reflux nephropathy from developing.