tetanus…

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lockjaw, tetanus, toxin, the bacterium clostridium tetani, central nervous system, resulting in death, spores, the bacterium clostridium tetani live, in the soil, found around the world, spore form, c, tetani, remain dormant, in the soil, remain infectious, more than 40 years, tetanus causes, approximately five deaths per year, internationally, reports show up to 1 million cases annually, mostly in developing countries, tetanus infections in newborns accounts, half of tetanus-related deaths in developing countries, infection begins, the spores, introduced into an injury, wound, spores germinate, releasing active bacteria that multiply, produce a neurotoxin, tetanospasmin, tetanospasmin selectively blocks inhibitory nerve transmission, spinal cord, muscles, allowing the muscles to go into severe spasm, spasmodic contractions, so powerful that they tear the muscles, compression fractures, the vertebrae, tetanus often begins, mild spasms, in the jaw muscles, trismus, neck muscles, facial muscles, stiffness rapidly develops, in the chest, abdominal muscles, the laryngeal muscles, interferes, breathing, muscular seizures, tetany, sudden, powerful, painful contraction of muscle groups, episodes, cause fractures, muscle tears, one out of three affected people die, mortality rate, newborns, untreated tetanus is higher, two out of three, proper treatment, less than 10% of infected patients die, incubation period is 5 days to 15 weeks, 7 days, the average, 100 cases of tetanus occur every year, vast majority in un-immunized individuals, whose last immunization was no longer current, in developing countries, tetanus frequently causes, death in newborn infants, the umbilical stump becomes infected, spasms, tightening, the jaw muscle, "lockjaw", stiffness, spasms of various muscle groups, neck muscles, chest muscles, abdominal muscles, back muscles, causing arching, opisthotonos, tetanic seizures, painful, powerful bursts of muscle contraction, irritability, fever, additional symptoms that associated, excessive sweating, swallowing difficulty, hand, foot spasms, drooling, uncontrolled urination, defecation, diagnosis of tetanus, physical findings, characteristic, diagnostic studies generally, little value, cultures, the wound site, negative, c, tetani two-thirds, the time, culture is positive, confirms the diagnosis of tetanus, tests, culture, the wound site, negative, tetanus is present, tetanus antibody test, tests, rule out meningitis, rabies, strychnine poisoning, similar symptoms, control, reverse the tetany, antitoxin, tetanus immune globulin, give penicillin to kill c, tetani, antibiotics clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, used in patients who, allergic to penicillin, remove, destroy the source, the toxin, surgical exploration, cleaning, the wound, debridement, treat symptoms, muscle spasms, muscle relaxants diazepam, bedrest, a nonstimulating environment, dim light, reduced noise, stable temperature, sedation necessary to keep the affected person calm, respiratory support, oxygen, endotracheal tube, mechanical ventilation necessary, death rate is high in children, elderly, wounds on the head, face, more dangerous than those on the body, person survives the acute illness, recovery, complete, uncorrected episodes of hypoxia, lack of oxygen, muscle spasms, in the throat, lead to irreversible brain damage, airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, heart failure, pneumonia, fractures, brain damage, due to lack of oxygen, spasms, sustain an open wound, injured outdoors, wound has otherwise been in contact, soil, have not received a tetanus booster, vaccine, five years, not sure of vaccination status, have never been immunized against tetanus, an adult, child, children, immunized, unsure of tetanus immunization, vaccine status, tetanus is completely preventable by active tetanus immunization, immunization is thought, protection, 10 years, studies, in the army suggest that good protection persists up to 12 years, last immunization, immunizations begin in infancy, the dtap series, shots, dtap vaccine, "3-in-1" vaccine that protects against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, a safer version of an older vaccine known, dtp, is no longer used, td vaccine is used, a booster to maintain immunization in teenagers, adults, older teenagers, adults, sustained injuries, puncture-type wounds, should receive booster immunization, tetanus, more than 10 years have passed, the last booster, thorough cleaning of all injuries, wounds, removal of dead, severely injured tissue, debridement, reduce the risk of developing tetanus, have been injured outside, in any way that makes contact, soil likely, contact health care provider regarding the possible risk, tetanus, believe injuries, rusty nails, the most dangerous, true only nail is dirty, rusty, the case, the dirt, not the rust, carries the risk, tetanus.