... Uncomplicated coccidiosis rarely produces lesions as acute or severe as those seen with necrotic enteritis. Ulcerative enteritis caused by C colinum usually produces focal lesions from the distal portion of the small intestine (ileum) to the ceca and is almost always accompanied by hepatic necrosis. Prevention, Control, and Treatment: Because C perfringens is nearly ubiquitous, it is important to prevent changes in the intestinal microflora that would promote its growth. This can be accomplished by adding antibiotics in the feed such as virginiamycin (20 g / ton feed ), bacitracin (50 g / ton feed ), and lincomycin (2 g / ton feed). The addition of anticoccidial compounds, especially of the ionophore class, has been extremely helpful in preventing the coccidial damage that leads to necrotic enteritis. Avoiding drastic changes in feed and minimizing the level of fishmeal, wheat, barley, or rye in the diet can also aid in the prevention of necrotic enteritis. Administration of probiotics or competitive exclusion cultures has been used to both prevent and treat clinical necrotic enteritis (presumably by preventing the proliferation of ...

... on demonstration of typical histologic lesions in the large intestine and isolation of B hyodysenteriae spirochetosis, proliferative enteritis, salmonellosis, and heavy whipworm infections. Clinical signs and necropsy findings are usually sufficient for a presumptive diagnosis. Confirmation is based on demonstration of typical histologic lesions in the large intestine and isolation of B hyodysenteriae Treatment and Control: Therapeutic use of antibacterials is effective if started early. Water medication is preferred at first. Because drug-resistant strains are prevalent, it is essential to choose a drug to which the organism is sensitive. Bacitracin, carbadox, lincomycin, tylosin, tiamulin, and virginiamycin are commonly used. The disease may be eradicated from infected premises without total depopulation by a persistent and carefully planned program that includes treatment of carrier pigs with bactericidal drugs and thorough cleaning and disinfection of vacated facilities. Mice are an important reservoir of infection for B hyodysenteriae, and any eradication attempt must include elimination / reduction of the mouse population on the farm. In addition, B hyodysenteriae will survive >60 days in pig waste at refrigerator temperatures. See Also Introduction Clostridium ...

... Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (Mesenteric torsion of the small intestine) Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome affects rapidly growing swine 4-6 mo of age. Pigs die suddenly without evidence of diarrhea, but the small intestine is thin walled on necropsy and filled with either clotted or unclotted blood. The large intestine usually contains tarry fecal material but no lesions suggestive of swine dysentery, salmonellosis, proliferative enteritis, or intestinal spirochetosis. The condition can be prevented by the administration of either bacitracin or chlortetracycline in the feed. When performing a necropsy, the mesenteric root should be palpated prior to opening the abdomen. A peracute form of proliferative enteritis may have similar clinical and gross lesions; however, histology and culture of the intestine will discern the presence or absence of epithelial proliferation and Lawsonia intracellularis. The cause in most cases is believed due to intestinal volvulus. Predisposing factors may include vigorous exercise, handling, fighting, piling, or irregular feeding. Long-loined pigs may be more likely to develop mesenteric torsion than shorter pigs. Rotation of the entire intestine, including the posterior part of the duodenum ...

... There is circumstantial evidence that use of subtherapeutic doses of antimicrobials creates selective pressure for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, which may be transmitted to the consumer from food or through contact with treated animals or animal manure. A ban on the use of antibiotics as feed additives decreased drug-resistant bacteria in a Danish study. While overall mortality rates of chickens were not affected, more feed was consumed per kg of weight. Therapeutic use of antibiotics was increased, but the total volume of antibiotic use was significantly decreased. The EU has banned bacitracin, carbodox, olaquindox, tylosin, and virginiamycin; it is also phasing out the use of avilamycin, flavophospholipol, lasalocid sodium, monensin sodium, and salinomycin by 2006. See Also Introduction Steroid Hormones Growth Hormone Î ²-Adrenoceptor Agonists Probiotics  © 2008; Merck & Co, Inc. Whitehouse Station, NJ USA. All Rights Reserved. published in educational partnership with Merial Ltd. Disclaimer / Feedback ...