... Specific Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Aspirin Acetaminophen Phenylbutazone Meclofenamic Acid Flunixin Meglumine Carprofen Ketoprofen Etodolac Vedaprofen Meloxicam Deracoxib Firocoxib Other NSAID Based on structure, most NSAID can be divided into 2 broad groups carboxylic acid and enolic acid derivatives. The main subgroups of enolic acids are the pyrazolones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, and ramifenazone) and the oxicams (meloxicam, piroxicam, and tenoxicam). Carboxylic acid subgroups include the salicylates (aspirin ), proprionic acids (ibuprofen, naproxen, carprofen, ketoprofen, and vedaprofen ), anthranilic acids (tolfenamic and meclofenamic acids ), phenylacetic acids (acetaminophen ), aminonicotinic acids (flunixin ), and indolines (indomethacin). The newer coxib class of selective COX-2 inhibitors includes a diaryl-substituted furanone (rofecoxib ), a diaryl-substituted pyrazole (celecoxib ), and a diaryl-substituted isoxazole (valdecoxib ), all available for human use. Two NSAID of the coxib class, deracoxib and firocoxib, have been introduced in veterinary medicine. Aspirin: By far the most widely used anti-inflammatory drug in humans, aspirin is frequently used in veterinary medicine. The salicylic ester of acetic acid, aspirin (acetylsalicylic ...

... in lame or operative animals involves broad classes of compounds such as NSAID and opioids (see also pain management, Pain Management: Introduction). Delivery of analgesia can be via oral, parenteral, epidural, local, or transdermal routes. Nonpharmacologic pain management strategies include acupuncture therapy, massage, and diet. Commonly used NSAID include firocoxib (5 mg / kg, PO, sid ), meloxicam (0.1 mg / kg, IV, SC, PO, sid ), carprofen (2.2 mg / kg, PO, bid ), ketoprofen (1.0 mg / kg, PO, IV, SC, IM, sid ), etodolac (12.5 mg / kg, PO, sid ), and aspirin (22 mg / kg, PO, bid in dogs; 10 mg / kg, PO, every 48 hr in cats). The use of NSAID is contraindicated in animals with hepatic or renal insufficiency, gastroenteritis, coagulopathy, or in animals receiving concurrent corticosteroid therapy. Opioid analgesics bind to m, k, and d receptors in the CNS to provide pain relief. ...

... recommended antibiotics include ceftiofur (1.1-2.2 mg / kg ), oxytetracycline (10 mg / kg, sid, of non-long-acting product, or 20 mg / kg once of the long-acting product ), ampicillin (20 mg / kg, bid ), and tylosin (10-20 mg / kg, sid or bid). Therapy should continue for at least 24-48 hr after body temperature has returned to normal. Duration of treatment usually is 4-5 days. Acute cases may also benefit from the use of NSAID (eg, aspirin, flunixin meglumine, or ketoprofen) in conjunction with antibiotic therapy. Treatment with NSAID should be of short duration because prolonged use may result in gastric ulceration or renal complications. Use of some of the above antibiotics and NSAID is extralabel, and appropriate withdrawal times to slaughter should be followed. Inadequate ventilation, crowding, commingling of animals from various farms (feedlot or salebarn situations ), poor nutrition, failure of passive transfer of antibodies, transportation, and other stresses have all been associated with pneumonia outbreaks. Control and prevention lies with correction of the predisposing factors whenever ...

... with severe inspiratory dyspnea. Differential diagnoses include pharyngeal trauma; severe viral laryngitis (eg, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis ); actinobacillosis; and laryngeal edema, abscesses, trauma, paralysis, or tumors. Treatment and Control: Sulfonamides (an initial dose of 140 mg / kg, IV, followed by 70 mg / kg, IV, sid) or procaine penicillin (22, 000 U / kg, IM, bid) are the drugs of choice. NSAID (aspirin, 100 mg / kg, PO, bid, or ketoprofen, 3 mg / kg, IM or IV, sid for up to 3 days) can be used to decrease the degree of laryngeal inflammation and edema. A tracheostomy is indicated in cattle with severe inspiratory dyspnea. The prognosis is good for early cases that are treated aggressively; chronic cases will require surgery under general anesthesia to remove necrotic or granulation tissue and to drain laryngeal abscesses. A 60 %success rate has been reported for surgical intervention in advanced cases. There are no specific control measures for necrotic laryngitis; however, ...